Graphene and Two-Dimensional Material-Based Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors

Abstract

Field-effect transistor (FET) biosensors have attracted significant attention due to their ability to detect biological analytes with high sensitivity and real-time response. The performance of these sensors strongly depends on the channel material. Graphene and other two-dimensional (2D) materials have significant advantages because of their strong surface sensitivity, high carrier mobility, and atomic thickness. These characteristics enable the detection of minute variations in surface charge by graphene-based FET biosensors. These sensors exhibit great promise for use in wearable medical devices, biomolecule monitoring, and disease detection. Their practical application is constrained by a number of issues, such as fabrication constraints, device stability, and the Debye screening effect. This paper reviews the operating principles, material properties, applications, and challenges of graphene and 2D material-based FET biosensors, and discusses future research directions.